Finland is one of the world's leading users of RES. In 2010, RES supplied 30.2% of the final consumption of energy (Statistics Finland [2012]), whilst the target share of RES in the gross final energy consumption of Finland in 2020 has been set at 38% by EU directive 2009-28-EN. The objective of the National Energy and Climate Strategy is to increase the use of renewable energy sources and their share of total energy consumption (Ministry of Employment and the Economy [2008]). In 2011, approximately 8% of the energy for heating buildings, 3 to 4 TWh, was produced by air, air-water and ground source heat pumps (Statistics Finland [2012]), but it is estimated that the use of heat pump energy should double from current levels by the end of 2020 (Ministry of Employment and the Economy [2010]). Ground source heat pumps accounted for approximately 40% of the total heat production by heat pumps in 2011 (Statistics Finland [2012]). Groundwater use for energy production in Finland is controlled by the Water Act and the Environmental Protection Act. However, there are no national regulations concerning the temperature threshold limits, unlike, for example, in Austria and Germany, where a temperature difference of 6 K has been set as the groundwater threshold limit for open-loop systems (Haehlein et al. [2010]). If the benefits of groundwater utilisation are greater than the disadvantages, the application for a permit for groundwater utilisation will be approved according to Finnish legislation (Water Act [2011]).
Navteq Connect Nit G1 Europe 2010 2011 Alfa | Added By Users
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